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“新冠疫情”对商业租赁合同影响的法律问题分析

  • Writer: New Beginning Law
    New Beginning Law
  • Apr 5, 2020
  • 4 min read

新冠疫情持续蔓延,给正常的市场经济秩序带来了严重影响。3月17日安省政府根据《应急法案》,宣布安省进入紧急状态。3月23日安省政府再次发布行政命令从3月24日起关闭所有非必要商业经营(Non-Essential Businesses)。

商业租赁关系在新冠疫情下呈现了履约困难甚至矛盾加剧的态势。在此期间本律师行陆续接到许多中小企业关于商业租赁合同方面的法律咨询,涉及不可抗力、租金减免、免租期、合同解除等诸多问题。本文基于商业租赁合同关系,对新冠疫情下商业租赁合同履行过程中出现的法律问题作予以总结分析:


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1. 商业租赁合同

安省法律为普通法系,其合同法渊源于英国普通法(common law),尊重合同双方的契约自由和意思自治。当双方在平等自愿的基础上签署合同,双方应履行合同中约定的权利义务,即出租人/房东应按期提供场所及相关配套服务,承租人/租客应按期缴纳租金。

以此为基本出发点,接下来要查看合同有无不可抗力条款(Force Majeure)。

合同双方没有约定不可抗力条款,即使出现不可抗力情形(不可预见、不可避免且不能克服的客观情形导致全部或部分合同义务无法履行),合同双方仍要遵循双方签署的合约,不能以不可抗力为由逃脱合同中规定的法定责任。

存在不可抗力条款,则需要仔细研读该条款如何具体定义“不可抗力”以及在不可抗力情形双方如何对风险进行分配以及各自的权利义务。新冠疫情以及政府采取的防控措施,似乎符合不可抗力事件的基本特征(不可预见、不可避免且不能克服),但是在法律上判定新冠疫情是否构成不可抗力事件,还需要具体查看条款中的定义以及相关表述。其次,在判定为不可抗力后,对于不可抗力情形下的救济和风险分配,仍取决于双方的具体约定。通常而言在商业租赁合同谈判中,出租方更强势,商业租赁合同通常为出租方聘请的专业律师起草的标准合同,合同中的霸王条款也往往倾向于出租方的利益。举例说明,在某商业租约不可抗力条款后,双方约定“承租人按照本协议支付租金和其他款项的义务不得豁免或免除”。在此情形下,承租人提出的有关租金减免请求将难以获得法律上的支持。

2. “合同落空原则”和“履约不能原则”

除了租赁合同中的不可抗力救济外,普通法还存在“合同落空原则”(Doctrine of Frustration)和“履约不能原则”(Doctrine of Impossibility)。履约不能原则是指合约签订后,由于非合同当事人的原因,导致履约不能。例如,合同的履行取决于某一特定的人或物的存在,而该特定的人或物已经灭失等。合同落空原则,是指合同签订后,不是由于合同当事人的过失,发生了当事人意想不到的事件,致使订立合同的目的受到挫折,则当事人得予免除因此而未能履行合同义务的责任。在新冠疫情情形下,援引上述两个原则解除合约能否得到法庭的支持,还不得而知,因为尚未有相关生效判决。但是不难想象出租方肯定会辩驳出租人的主要义务是提供场所(已履约),承租人的主要合同义务为按时缴纳租金,对于租赁合同双方而言不存在通常意义上的“履约不能”或“合同目的受挫”。从另外一个角度,即使承租人确实能证明“履约不能”(没有足够资金缴纳租金),那承租人基本达到申请破产的标准,那更没有必要打官司要求解除合约,直接申请破产岂不是一了百了。

3. 目前法庭的状态

对于民商事诉讼,目前安省法院已停止法庭程序。有限的法庭资源仅留给刑事案件以及家庭法紧急程序。


4. 律师建议:

(1)履行告知义务对于承租人而言,若认为租赁合同根本无法履行时,应及时向出租人通知不可抗力的发生,受疫情影响的情况等,并提供相关证据。对于出租方而言,对于承租人发出的不可抗力通知,应及时回复。回函中应结合具体情况提出反驳或异议并注意保留相关证据。

(2)积极沟通:合同双方,特别是承租人的积极沟通定是共渡难关的破冰之举。法律诉讼是最后的防线,但未必是最优的解决方式,也并非是唯一的解决方案。租赁合同双方在当前疫情之下,很大程度上是一种唇齿相依,同舟共济的关系。如果出租人一味坚持合约,不顾承租人的停工现实,不断施压索要租金,很可能承租人无路可走,只好申请破产。而在疫情当前,找到新的租客的可能性也不大,所以到最后是一种两败俱伤的结局。因此,租赁合同双方如果能积极沟通,友好协商,寻求一种兼顾双方利益的解决方式,更为现实,更为有效。


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以下为一些常见解决方式,仅供参考:

  • 疫情期间按月减免。在承租人承诺按租赁协议履行完毕的前提下,疫情期间每月租金按照一定双方协定的比例予以减免。

  • 先行抵扣保证金。对于承租人已缴纳租赁保证金的租赁合同,双方可协商对于因疫情影响而拖欠的租金先行以保证金进行抵扣的方式处理,疫情过后再另行协商补足保证金;

  • 制定新的付款计划(Payment Plan):根据承租人的资金状况与营业预期,给与承租人一定宽限期,在疫情过后的一定月份或年度内按照一定比例补交疫情期间的租金。

  • 重新签订租赁合同。对于一些即将到期的租赁合同,若双方愿意重新签订新的租赁合同的,则可以免租期等方式度过受疫情影响时期;

(3)商业保险:很多承租人按照商业租赁合同的要求购买了商业一切险,承租人可以查看保单是否承保商业中断(business interruption),从而向保险公司咨询理赔相关事宜。


免责:此信息为公共法律信息,非法律专业意见,仅供参考。如需法律服务,请联络新起点律师事务所

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