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Fam008 关于子女监护权探视权的那些事儿

  • Writer: New Beginning Law
    New Beginning Law
  • Jan 24, 2020
  • 4 min read

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父母对子女有扶养义务,应对子女负责。一家人在一起时,父母双方(无论已婚或未婚)分担子女的抚养、教育和日常生活起居的责任。当您与您的配偶分居时,你们需要对子女的衣食住行生活事宜以及上学事宜做出相应安排。即使父母分道扬镳,无辜的孩子们仍应得到来自父母双方的爱和关怀。


监护权:如果你们的分居协议或者法庭判决裁定您为孩子的监护人,孩子就会与您一起生活。您有权针对孩子的照顾、教育、宗教教养以及福利做出决定, 除非协议或法庭判决另有其它规定。


共同监护权:拥有子女共同监护权的父母双方,拥有共同决定如何对孩子进行照顾的权利。孩子可以一半时间与一方父母在一起,另一半时间与另一方父母在一起,或者也可选择与其中一方生活较长时间。父母双方都要继续参与有关孩子的决策。要让共同监护权行之有效,父母双方必须能够相互沟通、相互协作。


探视权:即使您没有孩子的监护权,您也有权与您的子女相处,除非法庭认定探视不利于子女的最大利益(比如,法庭担心您会伤害您的子女以及拥有监护权的一方,或者担心您不会把子女归还给拥有监护权的一方,则法庭可以拒绝您对孩子的探视权)。探视安排可以详细地写入父母职责计划(Parenting Plan)、分居协议或者法庭判决中。计划、协议或判决可以明确写明探视时间及安排,比如孩子可以隔周与您共度周末。或者,您的探视安排也可以为开放式的,即您可以与另一方以更灵活的方式安排探视,但这种探视安排很难被强制执行。


知情权:拥有探视权的父母一方,同时有权获知您子女的健康状况、教育信息以及综合情况。除非您拥有子女的共同监护权,或者分居协议或法庭判决中注明您分享决定权,否则您没有权利成为对这些事宜做出决策的权利。


监督探视权:是探视权的一种特殊情形。出于对孩子和/或一方家长安全的考虑,父母双方可以达成共识,或者由法庭要求对孩子进行监督探视。也就是您在探视孩子的时候必须有第三方在场。有时父母双方可以共同指定一位朋友或者亲属来监督探视。父母双方也可以付钱请专业人员来监督探视,例如聘请社会工作者参与。安大略省的许多社区都有政府资助的监督探视中心(比如渥太华地区的Family Service Ottawa),中心由经过培训的专业人员或者志愿者组成。经过监督探视中心人员的安排,有探视需求的家庭可以到该中心进行有监督的探视,或进行有监督的探视孩子接送。


谁来决定子女监护权、探视权事宜?

父母双方最好能够在分居之后友好协商就孩子的监护权以及探视权达成一致,并写入分居协议及相应的父母职责计划。父母职责计划可以包括什么时间由谁与子女在一起,以及由谁来为子女做主要的决策。

如果您与您的配偶不能就监护权达成共识,你们可以起诉,由法官来裁决。法官可以要求由社会工作者、心理学家出具评估报告。相关人员将分别与您或您的配偶、您的孩子交谈,有时也会去您所在社区进行走访调查。他们会向法庭提交一份报告,向法庭建议孩子应该由哪一方抚养,以及失去监护权的一方何时在何种情况下可以探视子女。

在裁定监护权时,法官的唯一标准是确保孩子的最大利益(Best Interest of the Child)。具体而言,法官会考虑以下因素:

· 孩子的身体状况;

· 孩子的情感状态与安全感;

· 监护权申请人对孩子的教育及生活安排;

· 孩子的经济需要;

· 孩子的宗教和种族文化环境;

· 父母对孩子需求的认知;

· 孩子自己的意愿(孩子的年龄越大,此因素权重越大);

· 兄弟姐妹能否在一起;

· 孩子与监护申请人的关系。

此外,如果您的配偶曾经对您和子女实施过暴力或者虐待,或者有酗酒、吸毒史,一定要告知法官,法官会全盘考虑,根据确保孩子的最大利益原则做出最后的判决。


强制执行监护令和探视令

如果法庭的监护令或探视令没有得到执行,您可以要求法庭进行强制执行。法庭会尽力让父母双方都遵守孩子的监护和探视安排。法庭会要求父母双方到法庭解释所发生的情况。如果法庭认定未执行探视的理由不成立,法庭会对具有监护权的一方进行处罚。如果监护和探视安排出现严重问题,法庭可以改变现有安排。您也可以要求法庭强制执行分居协议中规定的监护和探视安排。


免责:此信息为公共法律信息,非法律专业意见,仅供参考。如需法律服务,请联络新起点律师事务所(613)225-8425

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